激光-电弧复合焊接技术在造船上的应用进展
发布时间：2017-11-24
陈长军、张敏、王晓南、胡增荣、孙茜
苏州大学激光加工中心 江苏 苏州 215021
1 引言
1.1 复合焊的优点
激光具有高亮度、高方向性、高单色性、高相干性及特殊的空间分布特性等优点，可获得高达1011W/cm2的聚焦功率密度，其巨大的能量集中在非常小的范围内，能迅速将材料局部升温至极高的温度，并能以较高的冷却速度进行冷却，因此激光加工技术已成为一种无与伦比的材料加工方法[1]。激光材料加工技术在工业领域应用的广泛程度，已然成为衡量一个国家工业水平高低的重要标志。激光焊接技术与传统焊接技术相比，具有焊缝深宽比高、热影响区窄、焊接接头质量佳、生产效率高等突出优点，因此逐渐得到科研人员及企业的关注。常见的激光焊接技术包含单纯激光焊接、激光填丝焊接和激光-电弧复合焊接（Hybrid Laser Arc Welding）。由于激光和熔化极气体保护焊（Gas metal Arc Welding, GMAW）能加速焊接工艺，降低成本，并提高焊接质量。所以激光焊接和复合焊在汽车制造、航空航天领域中已经得到了广泛的应用。但在造船行业中应用还不是很普遍，尤其是在中国的造船上，还在大量的使用人力进行焊接，不仅污染环境、而且劳动强度大、危害比较大、精度和效率也无法保证。
激光复合焊结合了激光焊和MAG焊或其它气体保护焊两种技术的优势。复合焊主要的优点是：焊接穿透的深度深而且焊道窄，焊接速度快，热输入低，热影响区小，热变形小；焊缝质量高，外观佳，物理性能好，返工率低，焊缝底部控制好，可实现单面焊双面成形。并且确保了焊缝的金属结构与机械属性。
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